Novel catalytic reactor process for the production of commercial grade pulp, native lignin &amp; unicellular protein

ABSTRACT

A continuous and batch system to produce cellulose, native lignin and unicellular protein from any form of vegetation in a closed process. The bio-mass is mixed in the solution of nitric acid and or ammonium hydroxide and water. After 6 to 18 hours at room temperature at atmospheric pressure the chemical solution is recycled. The bio-mass is moved to the reactor. Reactor heats at 75 c to 80 c for 90 minutes. Gases are recovered via absorption tower and recycled back to chemical solution. Bio-mass is moved to alkaline bath solution of water and caustic soda at 80 c to 90 c for 60 to 90 minutes. Cool to 75 c and separate cellulose from black liquor. Black liquor is pumped to separation tank and is treated with sulfuric acid. Solution is filtered to separate sweet liquor and lignin. Lignin is dried at 50 c and the sweet liquor is fermented to produce unicellular protein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The hydrolytic Catalytic Reactor Process (CRP) produces commercial grade pulp and separates sweet liquor (sugars and hemi cellulose) from native form lignin—a natural lignin not altered by high temperatures or adverse process conditions. The sweet liquor is further converted to a unicellular protein which can be converted to many different products. The process's waters and the catalytic chemicals are recycled.

The process can utilize any species of plant including hardwoods, softwoods, shrubs, grain species, grasses etc. The process can utilize sawdust as the sale starting material (something that cannot be done commercially or specifically stated in patents examined to date).

The quality and quantity of lignin produced dictates the reaction conditions throughout the process. A distinct advantage is the elimination of requiring “dry” raw materials. Indeed green starting material can be utilized and even preferred for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis (see FIG. 1) of the native lignin polymer depending on the quantity of pulp, lignin and sweet liquor required.

The CRP pulping process does not require added pressure at any stage nor temperature ranges anywhere near those of traditional Kraft pulping processes. Basically, all temperatures at various stages of the process are below 90° C. and no external pressure is added to the reaction system.

The CRP pulping process is a closed system where virtually all chemicals used are recovered for reuse. Water used in the pulping process is recovered in saleable by-products, filtered for reuse or vented as steam. The vented steam could be used in providing energy for the pulping process thereby eliminating even this small loss of water and a potential energy source. The recovery of catalytic chemicals eliminates the need for high chemical cost during each cycle of the pulping process.

A small amount of chemicals are needed to bring back to strength each recovered chemical before being re-introduced into the process. A detailed examination of the pulping process mechanism accounts for the areas where chemicals pass by the various recovery stages. The recovery of chemicals does not require external energy expense to achieve this (unlike current recovery stages in Kraft mills).

Since the CRP pulping process is a closed system with virtually zero discharge of chemicals or water into the environment, a mill utilizing this process will not only meet current environmental standards, it will set the standards for all other mills to meet. Bearing this in mind, a pollutant free pulp mill could garner tremendous profit potential under an EPA carbon dioxide pollution credit system.

The ability to process a wide variety of vegetation without any re-tooling gives un-paralleled flexibility in pulp production. Currently, mills are designed to produce specific pulp types and utilize specific wood species as raw materials. Furthermore, most mills require chips meeting stringent quality specifications. Tests done at our pilot plant (FIGS. 2 and 3) have utilized not only sawdust as the sale starting material, but also chips that would be considered “green” and unusable by current pulp mill standards. This ability greatly reduces or eliminates the need for chip mills designed to produce chips of exacting standards thereby lowering the operating cost of the pulp mill.

A detailed economic viability study has been done on a projected 100-ton pulp mill utilizing the CRP pulping technology. Local conditions such as taxation, labor costs, raw material costs, energy needs, etc. have been included in the study resulting in an operating cost of $180-$245 per ton of pulp produced. Basically, the operating cost includes all expenses from acquiring the necessary raw material to providing the final product for market sales. Compared with the operating cost of today's pulp mills, the economic benefits are readily evident. Furthermore, the projected cost of the 100-ton pulp mill is estimated at $6 million US.

The viability of the CRP pulp process is realized in the sale of pulp alone. All other potential benefits such as EPA credits, native lignin products and unicellular protein sales for animal feeds are lucrative bonuses. Of particular note, this unicellular protein from a vegetative source would be certified free of any BSE pathogens and would be the preferred feed for cattle and other livestock animals presently raised for human consumption.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The crux of the CRP process is the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of impregnated wood chips. The acid catalyst effects the partial de-polymerization of the lignin matrix in the chemical reactor with subsequent distillation, condensation and recovery of the acid catalyst. Referenced patents contained within are of the reduction/oxidation chemical reaction mechanism types. All patents reviewed belong to the reduction/oxidation mechanism reactions. It is this basic reaction mechanism differences that allows the significant benefits and differences of the CRP process. By using this novel process the following benefits are achieved:

-   1—wet starting materials can be used—don't need to dry the chips as     the water is essential to the hydrolysis -   2—hydrolysis uses 10 w temps, 10 w pressures and little outside     energy -   3—weak acids and bases are used, minimizing raw material costs and     degradation of final products -   4—the acid catalysts are distilled and recycled allowing closed     cycles -   5—the chemical reactor pulping process is essentially pollution free -   6—the chemical reactor pulping process gives a high yield of native     Klason lignin -   7—the chemical reactor pulp yield of alpha cellulose is high -   8—the sweet liquor after precipitation is suitable for fermentation     of unicellular protein -   9—the chemical reactor process is scalable with suitable mixer     designs and when combined with the projected operating cost gives a     return on construction investment of less than 2 years. -   10—the chemical reactor process is highly efficient with costs half     that of typical Kraft mills

All the above benefits come from the fact that the base reaction is an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis with objective being the de-polymerization of the lignin within the wood chips and recovery of native-form lignin. This all results in the use of radically lower concentrations of acids and base during the impregnation and digestion stages as well as significantly lower temperatures.

Differences between the CRP process and referenced US patents:

REFERENCES CITED

U.S. patents US 2002/0129910 September 2002 Lightner Al 6,302,997 October 2001 Hurter, et al. 5,536,325 July 1996 Brink 5,288,857 February 1994 Aarsrud, et al. 3,895,996 July 1975 Lange et al. 3,706,629 December 1972 Moore, etal. 3,576,709 April 1971 Menzies 3,461,028 August 1969 Milis 2,406,867 September 1946 Tomlinson, et al. Mexican Patents MX 165091 A July 1981 Rodriguez

U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,325 column 22 gives a general discussion of a trial run

4 kilograms of white fir wood was slurried in 35.5 kilograms (35.5 L) of water and brought to pH 3.0 with nitric acid.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,302,907 Column 14

First stage is an alkaline extraction utilizing 12% NaOH with a maximum temperature range of 115-118° C. Time to temp is 30 minutes and time at temp was 60 minutes. The CRP process starts with impregnation with nitric acid or ammonium chloride. Also temperatures used in patented process are well beyond any the CRP process achieves to maintain the native form lignin. The patent process and CRP process are radically different right from the beginning. Treated and washed pulp then undergoes acid chelation with 5% nitric acid. This step isn't present in the CRP process. The rest of the patented process is radically different from here on in from the CRP process. For example, pH is adjusted in slurries with sulfuric acid, ozone is utilized, and bleaching is done with a 5% NaOH solution (much stronger that NaOH solution used in CRP) process. None of these steps are incorporated in the CRP process.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,706,629 Columns for 4 and 5

A slurry of 1.5% unbleached Kraft pulp suspension was made up replicating a simulated Kraft linerboard pulp system. The CRP process starts with fresh chips. The rest of the patented process utilizes alum and chemical process and procedures that are not present in the CRP process.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,996

Abstract—the present disclosure is directed primarily to a method of producing valuable products from aqueous solutions of lignin derivatives. The CRP process is produces commercially viable grades of pulp as well as sweet liquor and native form (unaltered) lignin.

Columns 5-12 show that the initial stage utilizes calcium chloride in all the starting processes. Furthermore chemicals such as Na₂SiO₃ and NaCl are utilized in various examples of the patent.

The starting materials are various forms of lignosulfonates from Kraft pulping processes or specifically prepared lignosulfonates (by American Can Company and Westvaco).

On the whole, the CRP patent is totally different from the patented process.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,857

Abstract—invention relates to lignin preparation prepared from black liquor derived from an alkali de-lignification process, such as the sulphate process, soda process or polysulphide process. Again, the CRP process produces commercial grade pulp as well as sweet liquor and native form lignin.

Embodiment 1—black liquor is obtained from a sulphate pulp process (most likely from a Kraft mill) and is evaporated or diluted to a specific concentration for the process to run. The black liquor in the CRP process does not undergo any concentration changes. The patented process then introduces carbon dioxide in order to precipitate the lignin content. This is not done in the CRP process. The lignin is then filtered with a sodium content of about 4%, by weight that is substantially bound to acid groups in the lignin. The sodium and calcium content can be adjusted with the patented process as needed, but the removal of both is not discussed—hence the lignin is not native form. Indeed the lignin is of a ligninsulphonate form to start, radically different than the native lignin achieved by the CRP process.

The rest of the embodiments differ in only the types of chemicals introduced at various stages in the patented process. For example, Dolomite, Came (CO.sub.3).sub.2, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and kaolin are all mentioned. None of the aforementioned chemicals are utilized in the CRP process.

On the Whole, the CRP process is radically different than the patented process.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,709

Column 3—for some materials a pretreatment must be used to prepare the material for treatment by the nitric/phosphoric acid solution. The CRP process does not incorporate any pretreatment. Not a nitric/phosphoric acid solution. Pre-treatment in the patented process also involves washing, exposure to live steam and a specific steam pressure maintained in the system. The patented process then prefers immersion in a hot solution of potassium hydroxide (or other water soluble potassium compounds such as potassium chloride) and ammonium hydroxide to dissolve surface lignin's. The CRP process utilizes an alkaline bath of only NaOH with a strength of 30 ml of 15% NaOH to 1 L of water (very weak).

Column 3—Material conditioning. Another step that is not used in the CRP process in any way. For example, live steam is added to remove air and excess moisture to condition for impregnating of an acidic solution. Live steam isn't anywhere in the CRP process. The CRP process prefers higher moisture content chips, as the moisture will aid in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.

Column 4—the patented process has the biomass immersed in a mixture of phosphoric acid and nitric acid. Impregnation of chips in the CRP process uses nitric acid and ammonia hydroxide. The temperatures in the patented process can be varied up to 98° C., whereas the impregnate temperatures in the CRP process are atmospheric. The optimum temperature for prepared biomass in the patented temperature is about 75° C. The CRP process maintains optimum temperature in accordance to economic considerations only. Higher temperatures in the CRP process will reduce required impregnation time.

Column 4—Reaction and Acid Stripping. Impregnated materials are separated from the acid solutions and heated to about 97° C. so that exothermic nitration, oxidation and hydrolysis reactions with the acids continue. The CRP process focus is on maintaining an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction and recovery of native form lignin. To this end, the optimum temperature range is kept between 60-85° C. (or below the boiling point of nitric acid depending on atmospheric conditions), until the recovery of nitric acid is necessitated upon which the temperature is increased slightly until nitric acid is distilled from the catalytic chamber. Materials are subjected to slight vacuum in the patented process, a step absent from the CRP process.

Column 5—Neutralization. A mixture of potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide is used to neutralize the remaining acid and separate out the fibrous material.

The example provided in the patented process follows the steps outlined in the description of the invention. On the whole, the CRP process is radically different from the patented process.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,028

Column 1—the patented process calls for the removal of all or any lesser amounts of lignin's and other constituents, via live steam, to produce various grades of pulp. The CRP process focuses on the production of pulp, lignin and other ancillary products and does not incorporate steam in any step of its process.

Column 1—Step A calls for removal of moisture (which inhibits oxidization reactions). The CRP process prefers chips with high moisture contents (commercially unviable in other words with today's processes). Step B calls for contacting the chips in an aqueous solution of nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide. Step C calls for the separation of excess liquor during the impregnation stage. This isn't done in the CRP process. Furthermore the reactant liquor is preferably heated to 50° C. in step C, whereas impregnation is done at atmospheric temperature in the CRP process. Step D initiates an exothermic oxidization reaction between the lignin's and nitric acid/ammonium hydroxide treated chips. The CRP process basic reaction is an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction. Step E calls for the temperature to be maintained at or below 97° C. The temperature in the patented process far exceeds the parameters called for in the CRP process. Temperatures in this range will begin to oxidize the CRP chips resulting in unwanted ketone-aldehyde, and cross-linked lignin compounds, all un wanted. The crux of the patented process is an oxidization reaction, whereas the CRP process is an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction.

Column 5—the patented process speaks of impregnation with an aqueous solution of nitric acid with concentrations ranging from 8% to 20%. But this is only after the biomass has been treated with hot 8% ammonium hydroxide and subjected to steam. The CRP process does not require any pretreatment.

On the whole, the CRP process is substantially different than the patented process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1: Acid hydrolysis mechanism

FIG. 2: CRP Pilot Plant Construction—Front View

FIG. 3: CRP Pilot Plant Construction—Rear View

FIG. 4: Catalytic Reactor Process Pulp, Lignin and Protein Flow chart and mass balance (nitric acid)

FIG. 5: Catalytic Reactor Process Pulp, Lignin and Protein Flow chart and mass balance (Ammonium Hydroxide)

FIG. 6: Hot Plate Calibration Curve for CRP Experiments

FIG. 7: Description of Devices and Parts

FIG. 8: Superior View Acid Reactor

FIG. 9: Side View Acid Reactor

FIG. 10: Photo's of Fiber obtained thru CRP from 3 bio fiber sources

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

1. Raw material is prepared by chopping plant species into convenient lengths of hard and soft woods into chips approximately the size of existing commercially available chips in use today. In fact, smaller chips can be used due to the longer fiber lengths produced from the weaker chemicals and lower temperatures used in the CRP process.

2. The raw material is loaded into an impregnation chamber and saturated with an impregnate.

3. Impregnate—Nitric Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide and or both (see FIG. 4):

-   If raw material is hardwood soak in 15% HNO3 for 18 hours -   If raw material is softwood or other vegetation soak in 12% HNO3 for     16 hours or Impregnate—Ammonium Hydroxide, Nitric Acid, and or both     (see FIG. 5): -   Soak in 10% NH4OH for all raw materials.

4. Drain off excess impregnate, filter and bring back the impregnate to strength for reuse.

5. Transfer impregnated material to the catalytic reaction chamber at a pH of 2 to 5. At this stage temperature is maintained between 60 and 85 C for a maximum of 80 minutes. It is critical that the reaction chamber is kept within this optimal temperature and time range to produce high yields and quality of the finished products, especially unaltered lignin compounds.

If the material is kept beyond the optimum time then excessive material oxidization occurs rather than the preferred catalytic hydrolyzation of the lignin polymer, thus inhibiting the stages following. Heating impregnated materials beyond the optimum temperature also leads to reduced yields and alters the desired state of lignin (rendering an inferior gummy product). The times held at optimum temperature range from 10 to 80 minutes depending on the raw materials used.

During the heating of the impregnated material, impregnate is released in a vapor form, withdrawn and sent to a condensing chamber where it is collected for reuse. After sufficient time, the lignin is catalytically hydrolyzed to the desired molecular state and the raw material is now ready to be passed to the alkaline bath stage.

In this catalytic stage agitators are required as in a large reactor there would not be sufficient time to thoroughly heat the entire mass of impregnated material before passing onto the alkaline digesting stage, thus affecting both yield and quality of final products. The agitators and agitator apparatus are a new addition to the prior art and will be dealt with in the patent application.

6. To the material passed from the catalytic reactor is added caustic soda in the alkaline digester.

The caustic soda strength is as follows:

to 200 liters of water is added 4 liters of 20% NaOH if the starting raw material is hardwood or 15% NaOH if starting raw material is softwood or other plant species.

The alkaline bath is heated to an optimum temperature range of 60-85 C for a time period of 60 minutes. During this alkaline stage, at a pH of 9 to 12, the mixture is agitated in the presence of black iron and there is a separation of the pulp from the black liquor. The pulp passes through screeners and a press that extract any black liquor. The black liquor is recycled back into the alkaline digester. Once all the pulp has been removed from the alkaline bath, it is washed and dried and the remaining black liquor is passed into the lignin separator.

Properties of the CRP pulp are shown in Table 1.

7. The black liquor is passed into the lignin tank and rapidly cooled to a temperature range of 43-50 C (this is critical to maintain the native state of the lignin). At this point 10% sulfuric acid is added to the black liquor if the impregnate was nitric acid; 12% hydrochloric acid is added if the impregnate was ammonium hydroxide. The ratio of sulfuric acid to black liquor is 2 liters acid to 200 liters black liquor at a pH of 2 to 5. The agitators are started to precipitate the lignin from the black liquor before the mixture cools below 43 C. The separation process takes about 1 hour.

8. From the lignin tank the sweet liquor and precipitated lignin mixture is released into a fermentation tank. The sweet liquor passes through a filter while the lignin powder remains on top of the filter. The native lignin is carried to a dryer where it is dried at a temperature range of 43-50 C. Deviation from this range destroys the native lignin state. Properties of the native lignin are shown in Table 2.

9. To the unicellular fermenter, a bacteria (torula) is added to the sweet liquor to activate the fermentation process. Once the fermentation is complete the unicellular protein is filtered, dried and packaged. Or washed to reduce ph and used for other products.

10. The residual water from the fermentation process is treated and recycled back into the process.

Agitator Use:

The agitators are used in the catalytic reactor (step 5) and alkaline digester (step 6) and are essential to achieving the desired yields and quantity of finished product (optimum results)

In the catalytic reactor the agitator is used to achieve two results:

Achieve and maintain the optimum temperature range for the de-polymerization of lignin to occur. The optimum temperature must be reached as quickly as possible to avoid undesired oxidization of the lignin. This oxidization will provide for lignin compounds to begin to form from the ketone, aldehyde, and etc, chemical classes, all of which are undesirable. Also, oxidization of the lignin will provide cleaved sites to allow cross-linking between lignin polymers, another undesirable result. Oxidization will result in low yields of native lignin and sweet liquors depending on the extent of the oxidization reaction within the catalytic chamber. The design of the agitators is contingent upon whether a batch process plant, or a continuous feed plant is utilized. The agitators are used to both quickly bring up to temperature the impregnated biomass and begin the breaking up of the biomass itself.

In a continuous feed plant, the agitators will also transfer continuously the impregnated biomass to the alkaline bath or digester.

In the alkaline digester, the agitators are used to achieve:

Optimal product yield. If reacted biomass is simply dropped into an alkaline solution and let sit, the surface of the chips will begin to undergo digestion. This will bring lignin out of the chip and into the alkaline solution. If lignin is left to long in the presence of NaOH, it will begin to oxidize, an unwanted result. Very aggressive agitation is utilized to tear the chips into ever-smaller pieces allowing the NaOH to quickly be utilized before the oxidization of the lignin begins in significant amounts. The result is sodium molecules attached to cleavage point on the lignin polymers rendering the lignin water-soluble.

Homogenous optimum temperature ranges.

Operation Conditions:

To treat 60 kilos of pine chips we impregnate it with 315 liters of ammoniacal acid solution containing 27.5 liters of nitric acid and 4 liters of hydroxide of ammonia.

After 12 hours of impregnation the acid solution is with drawn for later re-circulation and the chips are placed in the reactor to effect the reaction of catalytic hydrolysis at temperature of 75° C. maximum 80° C. during the time of 90 minutes taking into account when it reaches the temperature of 75° C. during the reaction the gases have recuperated the nox in water or in recycled acid solutions.

At the end of the reaction the chips are discharged in the alkaline bath for de-lignifying the chips, where we make a mixture of 315 liters of NaOH at 4% they are preheated at 75° C. Reaction of de-lignifying it is done at 80° C. maximum 90° C. during 90 minutes and then we stop the heating to let it cool off to 75° C. to put the mixture in a filter to separate the cellulose from the black liquor.

The black liquor is sent to an elevated tank where it is agitated and we add with care the concentrate sulphuric acid till we lower the ph. to 3.0 we let it rest and then it passes to the filter to separate the lignin from the sweet liquor.

At the end the lignin and cellulose must be washed to retrieve the excess of acid and caustic soda respectively. The water that we used for the process is from the faucet or running water. TABLE 1 Analysis results of the CRP pulp* Sample 1 Sample 2 Alpha cellulose % 86.5 85.7 Beta cellulose % 1.3 4.1 Gamma cellulose % 12.2 10.2 Kappa number 51.6 44.5 Lignin content % (by 7.74 6.68 calculation)

* Sample was chlorited prior to testing with results calculated on chlorited sample weights. All results were calculated relative to sample weight on oven dry basis. Alpha, beta, and gamma cellulose: per ESM 035B(ref: TAPPI n03). Kappa number: per ESM 09IB (ref: TAPPI T236). TABLE 2 Analysis results of the CRP lignin Sample 1 Sample 2 Klason Lignin % 83.0 76.7

CRP-acid catalyzed hydrolysis experiments—lab scale program Participants: Kelly O'Flynn inventor, Eugene Moskal BaSc., M. Eng.

Nitric acid test:

Monday, May 19, 2003—to 500 ml Northern White Pine bedding (Sun Seed—Son thing Special)—weight 64.49 g—was added 500 mls of H20 and let soak for 15 minutes. Excess water drained. Wet mass now weighed at 503.75 g (Buchner funnel vacummed—15 min) with beaker. Beaker weight 390.21 g—wt of absorbed water is 113.54−64.49=49.05 g

Poured in 700 ml of nitric acid at 11:10 a.m. Monday. Temperature of chips and acid was 60 F.

There was 440 ml of H20 (from soaking chips) left.

-   % H20=49.05/=43.2% -   113.54

085 Hot plate setting for 83 C (182 F) or 1.8-1.6 (turned switch off).

At 9.05—HNO3 impregnate—added to Buchner funnel. Gravity drain for 30 minutes and soak time 21 hrs —55 minutes—Tuesday May 20, 2003

After impregnation, chips (wet) weighed 215.96

-   215.96 102.4/×100%=47.2% nitric acid -   113.54 215.96 -   102.42 g nitric acid -   102.42 g nitric acid Volume wise approx. 800 ml.

At 10:00 a.m. started distillation (setting at 5) there was 605 ml of nitric acid drained off—pH was less than zero on the drained off acid

After 10 minutes turned down to 1.6—Pure nitric acid was coming across. Vapor temp. 90 c—nitric dropping into collection beaker with 100 ml H20.

Min Temp

-   10-94-95 c -   20-91 c -   25-74 c -   at 25 minutes measured chip temp=194 F (88.9 C) -   Sample #1-50 ml of drained HN03 impregnate—pH less than zero -   We recovered 110 ml HNO3/H20 distilled volume—10 ml pure HN03 came     across 10×100%=9.09% -   110     Min Temp -   30-68 C 83 C chips -   60-70 C -   70-70 C 86 C chips -   80-70 C 92 C -   Sample #2—first recovery at 25 minutes distillate—100 ml H20 and 10     ml HN03 -   Volume of 1st recovery 110 mls

Put 10 m 115% NaOH into 1 L. of H20 (mixture for alkaline bath)

11:40 a.m.—75 C alkaline digester, chips put in stirring at 10 setting—added 2 black iron bolts.

-   Sample #3-2nd recovery at 80 minutes distillate—100 ml H20 and 1.5     ml Hn03 -   Volume of 2^(nd) recovery—101.5

12:10—added 12 black iron bolts.—12:25—added 90 ml of 15% NaOH temp. 87 C dropped hot plate setting to 4.

Temperature at 1:15 pm was 96 C (too hot).

Strained out the pulp from black liquor. The black liquor volume was 920 ml. A 40 ml sample (sample #4 was collected).

Black liquor cooled in cold-water bath—Temp. was 44 C

To the black liquor was added 10 ml of 10% H2 S04 to ppte lignin and filtered—time was 1:45 pm.

0.86 g weight of filter paper

Another 10 ml of 10% H2S04 was added and filtered.

Third acid addition was 80 ml of 10% H2S04 at 3:15 pm—cover and set overnight

Pulp wash water used—1600 ml's

Black liquor produced—1000 ml's.

Wednesday, May 21, 2003

Dry pulp 22.08 gm—light brown, coarse, short fiber

Filter paper #1—1.22 g—Wt. Lignin—0.36 g

-   (Tare 0.86 g) #2-0.99 g—Wt. lignin—0.13 g

Vac. Filter 1000 ml of sweet liquor/lignin mixture after setting overnight (9.20 am)

Sweet liquor volume 910 ml

Weight of liquor and filter paper 3.95 gm

-   Weight of lignin=3.95-0.86=3.09 gr (hard and black chunks) -   Total lignin's=3.09+0.36+0.13=3.58 gr.

Black liquor Specific gravity—0.999

Sweet liquor Specific gravity—1.003

Riverside Chips—Nitric Acid—Tuesday, May 20-2003

To 100.04 fresh chips was added —700 ml of 12% HN03— used approx. 300 ml too much

4:00 p.m.—start of impregnation of Riverside pine chips—chips and slivers from bottom of conveyor to loading dock 66 F impregnation temp.

-   10:15 am draining of HNO3 yielded a volume of 660 ml—drained for 15     minutes. (sample #6)—Bolts weight 183.79 gm

Put chips into distillation setup at 10:40. Chip temp was 72 F—Hot plate settings manual adjusted 1.0-1.6

-   -   10:55 a.m. chip temp. 140 F vapor temp 37 C     -   11:05 a.m. chip temp. 184 F vapor temp 70 C     -   started the 80 min countdown at 11:05 a.m.     -   11:10 a.m. chip temp 190 F vapor temp 76 C     -   11:25 a.m. chip temp 184 F vapor temp 64 C     -   11:45 a.m. chip temp 183 F vapor temp 64 C     -   12:00 p.m. chip temp 184 F vapor temp 64 C     -   12:05 p.m.—hot plate set at 2.0 to distill off nitric acid     -   12:10 p.m.—chip temp 196 F vapor temp 75 C     -   12:20 p.m.—chip temp 198 F vapor temp 85 C     -   12:30 p.m.—chip temp vapor temp 87 C

Nitric volume was (collected from distillation) 105.5 (sample #7) pH=0.70=5.5 ml of HNO3.

At 1:00 added impregnated chips to 80 C alkaline bath.

-   1:05 added another 10 ml of 15% Na)H -   1:10 added another 10 ml of 15% NaOH -   1:15 added another 10 ml of 15% NaOH -   at 1:00 80 C -   1:10 74 C -   1:20 76 C -   1:30 85 C—setting 4 -   1:40 85 C -   1:50 86 C -   2:00 85 C -   2:10 85 C—shut off agitator/heat

830 ml of black liquor recovered, collected sample #8.

Added 30 ml H2S04. Temp. at 2:30 was 36 C.

Filtered off pulp (100/0-15% sticks in long fiber pulp—yellow color.—1200 ml water wash

Thursday, May 22, 2003

Sweet liquor after filtering—740 ml's—light straw yellow 40 ml Sample #9N

Pulp dried at 100 C—wt 42.67 gm

Lignin filter c1oth 10:30 a.m. (dry overnight)—wt 1.60 gm

-   Lignin filter paper #1 11:00 a.m. (air dry overnight)—wt     2.89−0.86=2.83 gm -   Lignin filter paper #2 11:15 a.m. (air dry overnight)—wt     2.82−0.86=1.96 gm -   Lignin filter paper #3 11:30 a.m. (air dry overnight)—wt     1.51−0.86=0.65 gm     -   light brown lignin—total wt 7.04 gm     -   Whattman filter paper #4—filter cloth nylon fine weave from         pilot plant

Black liquor Specific gravity—0.985

Sweet liquor Specific gravity—0.989

Tap water Specific gravity—0.982 at 20 C

AMMONIA—Tuesday, May 20-2003

64.99 g of dry chips was soaked for 15 mins with 500 ml H20 and excess drained—beaker funnel and vac. 15 min.

After vacuuming wet mass weight 161.07

-   -   161.07 96.08     -   64.99 161.07×100%=59.65%     -   96.08 g H₂O added     -   remaining water after vacuuming was 375 ml

At 9:00 am —700 ml of NH40H was added to wet chips into 1000 ml beaker—top sealed with saran wrap—temp —64 F

Riverside Chips—Ammonia NH40H—Tuesday, May 20-2003

Added 480 ml 10% NH40H to 100 g chips. Temperature of mixture 66 F.

4:30 pm—start of impregnation

—ammonia trials abandoned because no fume hood was available to contain ammonia evolved during impregnation stage TABLE 3 pH Values of Acids and Bases pH values of acid/base solutions for crp experiments -May 17/03 Temp @ pH Acids: 12% nitric 18.2 1.86 10% sulfuric 18.3 1.85 12% hydrochloric 18.3 1.90 Bases: 10% ammonium 18.2 12.42 hydroxide 15% sodium 18.2 13.23 hydroxide

TABLE 4 Hot Plate Calibration Curve Hot plate calibration curve -May 17/03 Setting Temp @ 1.0 35 1.5 42 2.0 52 2.5 60 3.0 64 3.5 69 4.0 73 4.5 78 5.0 83 5.5 90 6.0 97 

1) The procedure and system are applied to obtain lignin, cellulose and sweet liquor by “a novel catalytic reactor process for the production of commercial grade pulp, native lignin and unicellular protein” from a raw material from the classes consisting of all kind of wood who contains these commercial products. 2) The CRP process impregnates the raw material without pre-steaming, like other process do, we prepare the vegetable material with acid solutions naturally at atmospheric pressure during 6, 12, 18, hours according to the material in treatment. 3) We claim also the layout of equipment that allows for the fabrication and manufacture of the system, either in a continuous or discontinuous way. Impregnator, reactor, alkaline bath, tanks, absorption tower to recuperate acids agitators, and equipment designed for this new technique to obtain lignin, cellulose and sweet liquor. Time, concentration and temperature vary depending on vegetal type. 